Order of Adjectives

D Determiners

Pre-determiners = all, once, twice, ten times, double, half, both.

Determiners = articles (an, a, the), possessive pronouns, (his, my, your, their, whose, etc.), numbers (one, two, etc.), indefinite pronouns (few, more, each, every, some, any, etc.), demonstratives (this, that, these, those, such), another, other

Post-determiners = 1^st, 2^nd …, few, next, last,

O Opinion = nice, ugly, beautiful, expensive, cheap…

S Size = big, tall, short, small, huge, gigantic…

A Age = old, new, antique,

PAR Participles = Painted, fixed, built…

SH Shapes = round, square, rectangular …

C Color = red, yellow, blue …

O Origin (religions) = Mexican, American, Catholic…

M Material = wooden, plastic, iron…

A Adjectives(general)= hiking, cutting, sawing …

N Noun adjectives = Ex: mountain bike, magi tricks, horse shoe, love story…

Notes: When we have 2 adj or more of the same kind we separate them with a comma or with and.

Examples

All the next hard big English exams will be applied on Monday.

A nice big new painted white Spanish brick house was bought by him.

He ate a delicious, huge red Californian apple.

Jain wore the last cheap leather hiking boots on his last trip to the Everest.

These smart just graduated Chinese students won the 1^st important, big writing contest.

Vowels and Consonant sounds in English

Vowel Chart



Dyphthongs

Examples for Front Vowels

Consonants

• /p/: pit
• /b/: bit
• /t/: tin
• /d/: din
• /k/: cut
• /g/: gut
• /t ʃ/: cheap
• /ʤ/: jeep
• /m/: map
• /n/: nap
• /ŋ/: bang
• /f/: fat
• /v/: vat

• /θ/: thin
• /ð/: then
• /s/: sap
• /z/: zap
• /ʃ /: she
• /ʒ/: measure
• /h/: ham
• /w/: we
• /r/: run
  
• /j/: yes
• /l/: left
• /ɫ/:little

Classification of sounds.

Oral: the air goes out through the mouth.

Nasal: the air goes out through the nose.

Parts of the mouth involved in the production of sounds.

The parts of the tongue: Tip, front part, central part and back part.

Parts of the roof of the mouth: alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate and the uvula (glottis inside).

Definition of sounds and their classification.

Voiced: vibration is present.

Voiceless: there’s no vibration.

Factors used to classify vowel sounds.

1. Degree of raising of the tongue: high, mid and front positions.

2. Parts of the tongue that are raised: front, central and back.

3. Lowering of the jaw: almost open, half open, almost close and half close.

4. Duration: long or short

5. Tenseness: lax or tense.

6. Position of the lips: spread, fully spread, loosely spread and neutral.

processes when Speaking

Pr

Ø Nasalization: it is produced when an oral sound becomes nasal.

Ø Stress marks: are used to show either when the stress goes up or down.

Ø Clear L: used in initial positions.

Ø Dark L: used between vowels or in final positions.

Ø Gemination: takes place when the last consonant of a word is used to start the new word.

Ø Flaptalization: takes place when /t/ or /d/ sound like an /r/ due to the influence of vowels.

Ø Intonation marks: use at the end of a group of thoughts

1. Falling: 2. Raising: 3. Sustained :

Omission: when you omit a sound Example: Talk / / the l is not pronounced.

Vocalization: a consonant tries to take the function of a vowel like in the word mountain

Reduction: when a tense sound turns into a lax sound in text. Ex: me / / in texts.

Description of Consonants

FRICATIVE SOUNDS

In English, there are nine consonant sounds which are phonologically described as follows:

/ f /: In the production of sound /f/, the air goes out through the mouth with friction. The lower lip articulates with the upper teeth. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords do not vibrate because they are wide apart. This is a fortis sound because it is produced with strong energy.

/ v /: In the production of sound /v/, the air goes out through the mouth with friction. The lower lip articulates with the upper teeth. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

/ θ /: In the production of sound / θ /, the air goes out through the mouth with friction. The tip of the tongue is placed in between the teeth. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords do not vibrate because they are wide apart. This is a fortis sound because it is produced with strong energy.

/ ð /: In the production of sound / ð /, the air goes out through the mouth with friction. The tip of the tongue is placed in between the teeth. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

/ s /: In the production of sound / s /, the air goes out through the mouth with friction. The tip of the tongue APPROACHES (does not touch) the alveolar ridge. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords do not vibrate because they are wide apart. This is a fortis sound because it is produced with strong energy.

/ z /: In the production of sound / z /, the air goes out through the mouth with friction The tip of the tongue APPROACHES (does not touch) the alveolar ridge. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

/ ∫ /: In the production of sound / ∫ /, the air goes out through the mouth with friction. The tip of the tongue APPROACHES (does not touch) the alveolar ridge, but there is at the same time a raising of the front part of the tongue towards the hard palate. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords do not vibrate because they are wide apart. This is a fortis sound because it is produced with strong energy.

/ З /: In the production of sound /З/, the air goes out through the mouth with friction. The tip of the tongue APPROACHES (does not touch) the alveolar ridge, but there is at the same time a raising of the front part of the tongue towards the hard palate. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords do not vibrate because they are wide apart. This is a fortis sound because it is produced with strong energy.

/ h /: In the production of sound /h/, the glottis (opening between the vocal cords) must be opened as in breathing. The vocal cords do not vibrate. The air passing through the glottis produces friction. The soft palate is raised. The sound is produced with strong energy.

AFFRICATE SOUNDS

/ dЗ /: In the production of sound /dЗ/, the air goes out through the mouth with friction. The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, but there is at the same time a raising of the front part of the tongue towards the hard palate. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

/ t∫ /: In the production of sound / t∫ /, the air goes out through the mouth with friction. The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, but there is at the same time a raising of the front part of the tongue towards the hard palate. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords do not vibrate because they are wide apart. This is a fortis sound because it is produced with strong energy.

NASAL SOUNDS

/ n /: In the production of sound / n /, the air goes out through the nose. The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge. The soft palate is lowered. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

/ m /: In the production of sound / m /, the air goes out through the nose. The lips are the primary articulators . The soft palate is lowered. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

/ η /: In the production of sound / η /, the air goes out through the nose. The back part of the tongue touches the soft palate. The soft palate is lowered. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

LATERAL SOUNDS

/ l /: In the production of sound clear / l /, the air goes out through both sides of the tongue. The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

/ ł /: In the production of sound dark / ł /, the air goes out through both sides of the tongue. The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, and there is at the same time a raising of the back part of the tongue towards the soft palate. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

MEDIAL SOUNDS

/ r /: In the production of sound / r /, the air goes out through the upper part of the tongue. The tip of the tongue curves back producing a retroflection that faces the hard palate. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

/ j /: In the production of sound / j /, the air goes out through the upper part of the tongue. The front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard plate. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

/ w /: In the production of sound / w /, the air goes out through the upper part of the tongue. The back part of the tongue APPROACHES the soft palate, and the lips are fully rounded and protruded. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

PLOSIVE SOUNDS

/ p /: In the production of sound /p/, the air goes out through the mouth explosively. The lips are the primary articulators. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords do not vibrate because they are wide apart. This is a fortis sound because it is produced with strong energy.

/ b /: In the production of sound /b/, the air goes out through the mouth explosively. The lips are the primary articulators. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

/ t /: In the production of sound /t/, the air goes out through the mouth explosively. The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords do not vibrate because they are wide apart. This is a fortis sound because it is produced with strong energy.

/ d /: In the production of sound /d/, the air goes out through the mouth explosively. The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

/ k /: In the production of sound /k/, the air goes out through the mouth explosively. The back part of the tongue touches the soft palate. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords do not vibrate because they are wide apart. This is a fortis sound because it is produced with strong energy.

/ g /: In the production of sound /g/, the air goes out through the mouth explosively. The back part of the tongue touches the soft palate. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate because they are loosely together. This is a lenis sound because it is produced with weak energy.

For more info and related topics go to:

http://wn.com/English_phonetics__7_short_vowel_sounds

http://wn.com/English_phonetics__7_short_vowel_sounds

http://www.eslgold.com/pronunciation/voiced_sound_th.html

For More examples visit:

http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm

For Transcriptions visit: http://www.photransedit.com/Online/Text2Phonetics.aspx